|
Donghu (; literally: "Eastern Foreigners" or "Eastern barbarians") was a confederation of Eurasian nomads that was first recorded from the 7th century BCE and was destroyed by the Xiongnu in 150 BCE. They lived in northern Hebei, southeastern Inner Mongolia and the western part of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang along the Yan Mountains and Greater Khingan Range.〔(Origins of Minority Ethnic Groups in Heilongjiang )〕 The Donghu later divided into the Wuhuan in Yan Mountains and Xianbei in Greater Khingan Range, the latter of which are the origin of the Khitan and Mongols. ==Name== The Classical Chinese name literally means "Eastern Barbarians".〔Liang (1992) and DeFrancis (2003).〕 The term ''Donghu'' contrasts with the term "Western barbarians" (, meaning "non-Chinese peoples in India, Persia, Turkestan, etc." and ''Five Barbarians'' 五胡 "five northern nomadic tribes involved in the Uprising of the Five Barbarians (304–316 CE)". Hill (2009:59) translates ''Xihu'' as "Western Hu" and notes: The usual English translation of ''Donghu'' is "Eastern Barbarians" (e.g., Watson, di Cosmo, Pulleyblank, and Yu), and the partial translation "Eastern Hu" is occasionally used (Pulleyblank). Note that "Eastern Barbarians" is also a translation for ''Dongyi'' 東夷, which refers to "ancient peoples in eastern China, Korea, Japan, etc." Chinese Sinocentrism differentiates the ''Huaxia'' "Chinese" and the ''Yi'' 夷 "barbarians, non-Chinese, foreigner": this is referred to as the ''Hua–Yi distinction''. Many names besides ''Hu'' originally had pejorative "barbarian" meanings, for instance ''Nanman'' 南蠻 ("southern barbarians") and ''Beidi'' 北狄 ("northern barbarians"). Edwin G. Pulleyblank explains: The historian Nicola di Cosmo concludes: In modern Standard Chinese usage ''hu'' has lost its original meaning although it still appears in words like ''erhu'' 二胡 (lit. "two foreign") "Chinese two-string fiddle", ''hutiao'' 胡桃 ("foreign peach") "walnut", and ''huluobo'' 胡萝卜 ("foreign radish") "carrot". The modern pronunciation ''Dōnghú'' differs from the Old Chinese pronunciation, which roughly dates from the Warring States Period (476–221 BCE) when Donghu was first recorded. Old Chinese reconstructions of ''Dōnghú'' include *''Tûngγâg'',〔Dong 1948:?.〕 *''Tungg'o'',〔Karlgren 1957:303, 34.〕 *''Tewnggaγ'',〔Zhou 1972:?.〕 *''Tongga'',〔Baxter 1992:754, 763.〕 and *''Tôŋgâ''.〔Schuesler 2007:215, 281.〕 The etymology of Donghu is unknown.〔Schuessler (2007), p. 281〕 The traditional explanation, going back to the second-century Han dynasty scholar Cui Hao 崔浩 is that the Donghu were originally located "east of the Xiongnu" who were one of the "Five Barbarians" (''Hu'').〔Yu (1986), p. 436.〕 Modern Chinese apologetics suggests that "Donghu" was a transcription of an endonym and did not literally mean "Eastern Barbarian".〔Hao and Qimudedaoerji (2007), p. 17.〕 Some dictionaries confuse Donghu 東胡 with Tungusic peoples, ''Tonggu'' 通古. This "chance similarity in modern pronunciation", writes Pulleyblank, "led to the once widely held assumption that the Eastern Hu were Tungusic in language. This is a vulgar error with no real foundation."〔Pulleyblank (1983), p. 452.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Donghu people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|